It states that population tends to grow rapidly (geometrically), while food resources increase more slowly (arithmetically). Over time, this creates a gap between the number of people and the available resources.
According to Malthus, this gap can lead to problems such as poverty, hunger, disease, and even wars, which act as “natural checks” on population growth. He also suggested human controls, such as delaying marriage and regulating births, to reduce pressure on resources.