Architecture of Islamic Cities
The architecture of Islamic cities witnessed significant development during the era of the Rashidun Caliphs and the Umayyad State. The construction of these cities was primarily linked to the need for stable administrative and military centers to manage the newly conquered regions and organize the army.
First: City Construction during the Rashidun Era (11-41 AH / 632-661 AD)
City building in this period was characterized by serving primary military and administrative goals. These cities were known as "Amsar" (Garrison Towns). They served as frontier outposts and permanent military bases, and their planning was marked by simplicity and functionality.
Key Characteristics of Rashidun Cities:
1. Location: Strategic sites were chosen near water sources but away from coastlines or ancient Roman and Sassanid areas to protect the Muslim identity from merging with the conquered civilizations.
2. Planning: The planning followed the "Khitat" (Plots) or "Quarters" system, where large areas were allocated to each tribe of the conquering army to build their homes.
3. Central Elements: The city was planned around three core elements:
o The Grand Mosque (Jami'): The center for worship, public gatherings, and state administration.
o Dar al-Imara (The Governor's Palace): The residence and office of the governor or military leader.
o The Market (Suq): To fulfill economic and commercial needs.
4. Al-Hima (Protected Pastures): Large areas outside the city were designated for grazing the army's horses and camels.